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Background@#Traditional Mongolian medicine is one of the heritage which inherited since ancient times of nomadic culture. The radical culture of Mongolian medicine is related to shamanism and initially, it was inherited as “Dhom zasal” among folks and it was written and popular as “Sutra of Dhom” and “Sutra of Black Dhom”. </br> Thus, to define the fundamental knowledge and methods of traditional cure by analysing from those scriptures like, sutras and fetishism is the unavoidable and historical duties for the contemporary medical researchers. Therefore, our mission was to study and recognize the historical facts of the reason, situation and the generative factors of birth of remedies. @*Material and Method@#We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and historical comparative method.</br> The study materials were more than 20 sutras which have not studied fully. Furthermore, we used scientist’s creatures and textbooks related to dhom zasal.@*Results@#It is important for define that, in which developmental period of Mongolian traditional medicine, the mantic cure was formed and what it has been through to be inherited nowadays. If could do so, it would be more accessible and orderly.</br> Recently, our medical researchers have reached to substantial success in study of medical history and have come with conclusive result that the Mongolian traditional medicine has to be properly staged into six developmental periods.</br> Further, the researchers have identified not only developmental stages of traditional medicine, but defined stages of development of medical science in Mongolia.</br> Regarding to this developmental definition, formation of traditional remedies is belonged to the stage of observation-based curing technique collecting (from prehistoric to 209 AD) period.@*Conclusion@#From our study, based on resources and factual statements, we found that, Dhom in Mongolian means remedies which were initiated at primitive time due to their physical unwellness and improved and developed from time to time. In fact, at the beginning, the remedy methods were empirical, with no adequate sequences and involuntary, but it had been developed time by time throughout, experiment and observations.
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Abstract@#There is a growing need for a systematic study of the use of medicines prepared from herbal, animal, and mineral raw materials in traditional Mongolian medicine to a new level. Based on traditional medicine technology and use, the study identified the most suitable modern medicinal ingredients for the human body, namely a medicine that can be used for depression in the ancient scripture, “Ngo mtshar dga’ ston gter mdzod” by Gelen Choijamts and further practical application is imperative. @*Purpose@#To study the effects of Srog dzin-5 prescription on pathogenesis model of acute stress and animal models of depressive disor- ders. @*Conclusion@#</br>1. In the pathogenesis model of acute stress disorder caused by restricted mobility, Srog dzin-5 prescription prevents stress-induced thymic involution and enlargement of adrenal glands. </br>2. In the pathogenesis model of ethanol-induced depression, Srog dzin-5 prescription increased physical activity, reduced despair, and prevented anxiety according to behavioral assessment.
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Abstract@#In recent years, the study of pharmacology and pharmaceutical formulation of traditional Mongolian medicine has been developing significantly. However, there are few research papers on Mongolian pharmacology and development of pharmaceutical formulation written by foreign researchers in ancient times. Therefore, the study was carried out to fill this “gap” and to clarify the ancient works of foreign researchers related to Mongolian pharmacology and development of pharmaceutical formulation.@*Purpose of the study@#To chronologically identify the early works of foreign researchers on the study of pharmacology and pharmaceutical formulation of traditional Mongolian medicine.@*Research method@#Hermeneutic approach, analysis of ancient textbook, and analysis and synthesis methods were used.@*Conclusion@#According to facts and eyewitnesses in the book of Zhouhou Beijifang (Emer- gency Prescriptions) by Ge Hong (261-341) of the Jin Dynasty, Jingui Yaolüe (Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet) by Chang Ji, the Northern Han Dynasty’s notes on “Xiongnu Doctors Carry Toxic Drugs”, Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles) by Rashid-ad-Din, William de Rubruck’s “Journey to the Orient”, and book of Plano Carpini, an Italian tourist, the development of pharmacology and pharmaceuticals in traditional Mongolian medicine dates back to the Xiongnu period. Later, in the fourteenth century, it became an independent system of medical knowledge of many nations, as evidenced by the writings of Chinese, Persian, French, and Italian scholars as well as religious envoys.
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Objective: To extract, separate and purify homogeneous polysaccharides from Rubus sachalinensis and study on monosaccharide component and immunomodulatory activity. Methods: The crude polysaccharides of Rubus sachalinensis (RSP) were extracted by hot water. The Cellulose DE-52 and Sephadex G-100 columns were used to separate and purify homogeneous polysaccharides. The relative molecular mass was analyzed by high-performance gel permeation chromatography, and the monosaccharide composition and structure were preliminarily identified by GC, IR and NMR. The effects on proliferation function of mice spleen lymphocyte proliferation were determined by CCK-8, and the effects on the release capacity of IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α were determined by the ELISA kit. Results: Two homogeneous polysaccharides, RSP1-1 and RSP1-2, were separated and purified, with molecular weights of 13 227 and 9 343 determined by HPGPC. They mainly contained arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with the mole ratios at 9.5:7.0:10.3:18.6 and 5.7:11.1:10.3:14.2, respectively. The structure of RSP1-1and RSP1-2 was analyzed by IR and NMR, and RSP1-1 might mainly contain α-1,3-Ara, β-1,4Gal, β-1,6-Glc, β-1,3-Man, and RSP1-2 might mainly contain β-1,4-Gal, β-1,6-Glc, β-1,3-Man. At 5-200 μg/mL, RSP1-1and RSP1-2 stimulated proliferation of spleen lymphocytes (P < 0.05) and promoted lymphocytes to secrete IFN-γ and TNF-α. At 5 μg/mL, RSP1-1and RSP1-2 promoted lymphocytes to secrete IL-2. Conclusion: RSP1-1and RSP1-2 are natural homogeneous polysaccharides that are obtained from this plants for the first time. Its purity and structure were further characterized by IR and NMR. These two homogeneous polysaccharides promoted the proliferation of splenic lymphocyte in different degrees and promoted lymphocytes to secrete IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α that all possessing immunomodulating activity.
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From the medical history of traditional Eastern Asian and Tibetan medicine, the origin and development of moxibustion seems to be closely related to Mongolia. To explore the current clinical practice of moxibustion in Mongolia, we visited a teaching hospital, the Traditional Medical Science, Technology and Production Corporation of Mongolia, in February 2014. Many types of moxibustion are found to be used, and various modalities and methods are practiced based on the principles of traditional Mongolian medicine. In particular, Mongolian drug moxibustion, which uses small butter-warmed bags packed with powdered aromatic herbs instead of moxa cones, is a unique moxibustion technique not found in other countries. In this paper, we introduce the clinical practice of moxibustion, specifically Mongolian drug moxibustion in Mongolia.
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Introduction@#Traditional Mongolian medicine contents a whole idea of preventive medicine. Traditional Mongolian medicine main theory is “Rlung-Mkhris-Badgan” which is composed human body. These elements confirm human healthy during metabolite balance but when any of these lacks or exists in an excessive amount, then there is an illness. Understanding on the theory “Rlung-Mkhris-Badgan” by modern medicine there are called cell universal regulation system.[1] A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components of “Rlung-Mkhris-Badgan” even vastly different metabolic pathways. Human has own Rlung-Mkhris Badgan`s portion differently when they were born, during all life must obey their attribute manner. There are seven individualities which expressed human characters. </br> Furthermore in traditional Mongolian medicine have richness experience of concerning with three elements unbalanced time to come disease early diagnosis and remedy them effectively. Accordingly organic body must adaption four seasons` biological accommodation and follow up four seasons` suitable food technology and climate condition. @*Purpose@#</br> 1. To determine human characteristic types by traditional Mongolian medicine main theory.</br> 2. To suggest healthy live advice for people who participate randomized in preventive medical examination by used modern and traditional medical diagnostic methods.@*Method@#Biomedicine and Clinical Pharmacy Department doctor teachers were organized “Healthy life starts every day right habit” topic preventive medical examination for all students of Mongolian University of Pharmaceutical Sciences 09-29 days of September, 2016. Participant by diagnosed medical basic physical examination methods and filled out questionnaire in human characteristics based traditional Mongolian medicine main theory.@*Results@#There had 513 participants, 29 of them were “rlung” characteristic personality, 26 of “mkhris” characteristic personality, 22 of them “badgan” characteristic personality, 163 of them “rlung and mkhris” combined characteristics, 118 of them “rlung and badgan” combined characteristics”, 68 of them “Badgan and Mkhris” combined characteristics, 87 of them were composite characteristic personalities.@*Conclusion@#</br> 1. Determined 85% of participants are respectively combined and composed types of characteristic personalities, and these participants supposed to be better metabolism balance. Determined 15% of participants are one element dominantly personalities.</br> 2. We made a Healthy Life Guidance depending on human characteristics.
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Piper longum is the immature ear of Pepper family of Papper. Although P. longum is used to treat gastrointestinal diseases in traditional Chinese and Mongolian medicines, there are significant differences in compatibility and treatment of diseases. In this paper, the traditional Mongolian medicine P. longum in Chinese usage, taste, function, and clinical compatibility research were analyzed and compared. Through literature research and statistical analysis, we would sort out the records of P. longum in Chinese materia medica and Mongolian materia medica, combined with computer software analysis, analyze the frequency of use in clinical medicine P. longum and drug law; This review introduced the progress of research on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of P. longum compatibility as well as in clinical medicine in the Chinese, hoping to provide the basis for the application of P. longum in the field of traditional Chinese and Mongolian medicines.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the optimum harvest time of the Mongolian medicine, Radix Aconiti kusnezoffii herbs, by analysis of the changes of the main components in different developmental stages. METHODS: HPLC was used to determine the contents of the main alkaloids in 6 kinds of Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii which were harvested in sprouting stage, early flowering stage, flowering stage and withering period, respectively. Taking the content of total alkaloids as index, the appropriate harvest time of Radix Aconiti kusnezoffii was determined. RESULTS: From germination to withering period, the total alkaloids in the 6 kinds of Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii displayed increasing and then decreasing trend. The highest contents existed in the early flowering stage and the lowest existed in the withering period. The contents of the main components were sorted from high to low in the early flowering stage, germination stage, flowering stage and withering period. CONCLUSION: Based on the unique processing METHODS in Mongolian medicine and clinical medication safety, the withering period of Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii is the best harvest time and this is consistent with the traditional Mongolian harvest period.
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The paper designs and implements a digitalized information resources platform for Mongolian medicine based on ASP.NET.The system adopts VS2008 + SQL SERVER2005 and the 3-tier architectural pattern,integrates functional modules such as News Information,Mongolian Medicine,Mongolian Doctors and Q&A,realizes the digitalization of Mongolian medicine resources and establishes a sharing system.Upon testing,the system operates well and achieves the expectations.
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Lilium pumilum, a bulbous plant native to Mongolia, is medicinal plant used in traditional Mongolian medicine to treat hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders. The purpose of this study was to analyze the hepatoprotective effect of Lilium pumilum bulb extract on the liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) in rats. For this, CCl4 in oil were administered to 21 head of WISTAR rats for 4 days and treated with L.pumilum extract twice per day orally. On 4th, 7th, and 17th days of experiment euthanasia was performed for blood biochemical and liver histological analyses. Results showed that blood AST, ALT and ALP (P<0.05) were decreased by 11.8 u/l, 24.8 u/l and 11.8u/l in rats treated with L.pumilum bulb extract for 3 days on the liver fibrosis induced by tetrachloride (CCl4) comparing to non-treated. Moreover, favorable result was obtained in treating liver fibrosis with extract of L.pumilum bulb and liver drug Essential Forte N extract. After treatment with L.pumilum bulb extract treated for 3 days the difference appeared at 1.6 u/l and 18.9 u/l in AST and ALT respectively, and ALP by 26.4 u/l in blood, comparing with standard group of rats treated with liver drug Essential Forte N extract.In this study, the fact that results of treated rats with extract of L.pumilum bulb extract were similar to standard group of rats suggests Lilium pumilum may have hepatoprotective activity. Keyword: Carbon tetrachloride, Lilium tenuifolium, liver toxicity, traditional Mongolian medicine Introduction Like many other developing countries our country also faces common problems of global climatic changes. Climatic change exerts both direct and indirect effects on animal husbandry. It exerts direct on animal body thermal exchange and vitalfunctions, whereas animal fattening level, productivity and animal production effectiveness depend greatly from indirect impacts via changes in rangelands [1]. In the past 40 years because of worldwide climatic changes and human affects, Mongolian ecosystem had visible changes. Drought desertification and dzud frequency had grown up, water supply biological deficiency had widened and all of these factors influences badly for the herder’s life condition and economy in Mongolia [2]. After dzud and drought years plant constituents become less and growth of weed and locoweed plants like wild leek, fat-hen, large-flowering wormwood, tumble grass, hogweeds increases. When livestock eat those plants, firstly it causes digestive system disorders, metabolic disorders and leads to chronic and acute toxicity. It was found out that climatic and ecologic change influence to increased endemic diseases; climate related stress, lack of food; water hardness and chronic toxicity could be reason for hepatocyte damage [3]. After winter and spring livestock liver get damaged because of starvation, lack of food, poisonous plants and variety of drug and chemical toxification. Therefore, it is essential to create low cost hepatoprotective treatment from widespread Mongolian medical plants. The liver plays an important role in many bodily functions from protein production and blood clotting to cholesterol, glucose and iron metabolism. A variety of illnesses can affect the liver. Symptoms of liver diseases include weakness and fatigue, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and yellow discoloration of the skin (jaundice). The treatment of a particular liver disease depends on its specific cause. Liver disease is any disturbance of liver function that causes illness. The liver is responsible for many critical functions within the body and should it become diseased or injured, the loss of those functions can cause significant damage to the body. Liver disease is a broad term that covers all the potential problems that cause the liver to fail to perform its designated functions. Usually, more than 75% or three quarters of liver tissue needs to be affected before decrease in function occurs. Normally, veins return blood from the body to the heart, but the portal vein allows chemicals from the digestive tract to enter the liver for “detoxification” and filtering prior to entering the general circulation. The portal vein also efficiently delivers the chemicals and proteins that liver cells need to produce the proteins, cholesterol, and glycogen required for normal body activities. [4] There are about 45 genus and 1300 species in family Liliaceae. In Far East growths 5 spe- cies: 1. Lilium Buschi-Anum Lodd. (L.Pulchellium Fisch.); 2. Lilium dauricum Ker-gawl. (L.Pensylvanicum Ker-gawl.); 3. Lilium Distichum distichum Nakai; 4. Lilium lantifolium Thurb. (L.Tigrinum Ker- gawl.); 5. Lilium Pumilum Delile (L.Tenifolium Fisch, ex Scrank) [5] Lilium Pumilum is an Asian species of bulbous plants native to Mongolia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, Korea and northern China. It is a stem- rooting bulb that grows up to 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) high, though usually rather less. The bulb itself is 4–5 inches (100–130 mm) deep and live from 2 to 4 years. The leaves are slender and grassy. It bears from one to twenty reflexed and nodding flowers, usually red in color, and which may be spotted with black. The flowers are scented. [6] Taxonomic classification of Lilium Pumilum: • Class: Liliopsida; • Series: Liliales; • Family: Liliaceae; • Genus: Lilium; • Species L.Pumilum Delile. In Mongolia L. pumilum grows in 7 plant geographical regions: Khuvsgul, Khentii, Mongol Daguur, Ikh Khyangan, Dundand Khalh, Dornod Mongol. [7] In Mongolian traditional medicine all parts of plants is used for treatment, flower powders were used in bone fracture, especially in skull damage. Seeds were used in uterus bleeding and bulbs are used in detoxification. [8] It has sweet taste, cooling property and with cool quality according to Traditional Mongolian Medicine. [9] L. pumilum also enhances the bile secretion. [10] We choose the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver model because carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a chemical agent widely used for experimental induction of fatty liver and liver fibrosis in animals [11]. It is considered that CCl4 is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 (CYP) to unstable trichloromethyl free radicals (e.g. CCl3, CCl3O2), which then bind covalently to membrane proteins, finally causing lipid peroxidation [11- 14]. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in rat plasma rise remarkably with hepatocyte necrosis and lipid accumulation when CCl4 is administered to rats. Therefore, this model is used widely to induce various fatty liver states [15].
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BackgroundTraditional Mongolian Medicine has a history of over 5000 years. Scientific development of TM hasstarted in 1959. Since 1999 Mongolia was categorized by WHO as a country having an Integrativesystem of TM- officially recognized and incorporated into all areas of health care provision, TMMresearch has been following key objectives of National R&D programs.AimIn order to assess the situation of TMM development we have conducted this study based on last10 years’ research done.Ìaterial and MethodsDocument study- we have selected key TMM’s R&D project implementers’ archive and humanresources documents.Descriptive and Analytic methods- a survey of 32 questions evaluating participation of TMMprofessionals in R&D work were conducted. Also, to clarify the point of view about TMM’s R&D6 focus group meetings with different level participants, such as professional committee, policymakers and research workers as well as health care providers, were organized.ResultsFrom 2004-2013, there are 28 projects implemented on TMM, 43% accomplished by TMMRTC,32.8% of which is resulting in raw materials standardization and technology study, related clinicalstudies standing 20% out of all studies done on TMM matter. These numbers are confirmed bysurvey and focus group interviews, more than 50% of participants willing to conduct a clinical studyand expressing difficulties such as lack of knowledge of methodology, policy support and revenue.Conclusions:1. TMM R&D has a potential growth due to human resources capacity. Practitioners are leastinvolved in R&D, due to lack of knowledge of methodology and revenue.2. There were 28 projects implemented on TMM matter, most of these are basic studies, fewerclinical studies done, resulting in pharmacopeia monographs and technological guidelines.
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Introduction: The training of traditional medicine is closely related to its origin.However, the great number of Mongolian and foreign scientists have been conducting the scientific papers during the last years and getting the fundamental contribution to develop the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine.Goal: Therefore, we conducted the research paper with the purpose to properly determine the education system of tradition medicine.• To clarify the historical development of education development of Traditional Mongolian Medicine• To compare and clarify the training of Traditional Mongolian Medicine with the modern education system.• To clarify the education level of Traditional Mongolian Medicine.Materialsand Methods:Books including the origins relevant to the history of Traditional Mongolian Medicine kept in The State Central Library of Mongoliaand Natsagdorj’s library, creaturesfor academic degree related to the Traditional Mongolian Medicine kept in the Mongolian foundation for Science and Technology library of were used and based on the following methodology, the research paper was conducted, herein1. Study of original manuscript and source materials: Method expressing the transformation legitimacy of information based on a particular traditional historical bibliography and original manuscript by M.Otgonbayar (1995).2. Method of historical comparision: We tried to conclude history of Mongolian education system and actual process of historical development from ancient time to modern days based on the proper evidences.3. Supposition method:In order to determine the document, information and historical activities in a particular age, the method of the research paper to recite them, was used.Result: In order to reach the main purpose of our research paper, we determined the training system of the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine based on the historical frequency of Traditional Mongolian Medicine and clarify whether the Traditional Mongolian Medicine were in every frequency or not by researching and finding the books and teachings. Furthermore, with the purpose to clarify the level of high education, the following result has been reached when comparing the modern medical level with the provisions of (Law on higher education). In accordance with the Mongolian Law on Education, and provisions of Law on High Education, and historical books and writings, present research paper was conducted.Conclusions:1. The total of 8 frequency of ages of traditional medicine development, including the basics of the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, was originated from BC 209 to AC 1206 or the training of traditional medicine was established, the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine was consisted from 1206 to 1578, the training of traditional medicine was developed fromХYI century to the middle of ХIХ century, the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine was formed from the middle of ХIХ century to 1921, the traditional medicine was developed with the foundation of modern medicine from 1921 to 1942, the starting of traditional medicine of socialism age was developed from 1942 to 1990, restoration of the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine from 1990 to1996, and new age of the education development of Traditional Mongolian Medicine was started from 1996 to nowadays.2. The training system of Traditional Medicine for physicians was formed with several stages3. Depending on the stage in which physicians of Traditional Medicine studies, the education degree was conferred similar to the modern days’ education system.